reference and referencing APA format

References/Bibliography
APA
Based on the "Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association" 5th edition.
References/Bibliography
APA
Based on the “Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association” 5th edition.
The “APA style” is a generic author-date style for citing and referencing information in assignments and publications. There are many styles which follow the author-date convention, including the Harvard style and the Chicago Manual of Style. This guide is based on the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual, 5th edition.
Note:
Before you write your list of references, check with your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the School. There may be differences in the style recommended by the School.
What is referencing?
Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments and which allows the sources to be identified.
Why reference?
Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to follow up what you have written and more fully understand the cited author’s work.
Steps in referencing
•
Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the source from which information is taken.
•
Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document.
•
Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document.
In-text citations
•
In an author-date style, in-text citations usually require the name of the author(s) and the year of publication.
•
A page number is included if you have a direct quote, paraphrase a passage or you want to direct the reader to a specific page or idea. Page numbers may also be included if the you are referring to a long work and the page numbers might be useful to the reader.
How to create a reference list/bibliography
•
A reference list includes just the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the text of the document. A bibliography includes all sources consulted for background or further reading.
•
A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.
•
If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, starting with the earliest publication.
•
Each reference appears on a new line.
•
Each item in the reference list is required to have a hanging indent.
•
References should not be numbered.
Referencing Software
The University of Queensland Library provides access to EndNote and RefWorks which assist in creating reference lists. The APA 5th style is included with the Endnote program. You can also download an additional APA style from the UQ Library that includes the “APA Style Guide to Electronic References” at http://www.library.uq.edu.au/faqs/endnote/styles.html
Book
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of book – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote
One author
Sophisticated searching techniques are important in finding information (Berkman, 1994)
OR
Berkman (1994, p. 25) claimed that …
Berkman, R. I. (1994). Find it fast: How to uncover expert information. New York: Harper Perrenial.
Book
Two to six authors
It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel, 1991)
OR
Moir and Jessel (1991) found students…
Always list the authors in the order they appear in the publication.
Moir, A., & Jessel, D. (1991). Brain sex: the real difference between men and women. London: Mandarin.
Book
Six or more authors
It was argued that…(Johnson et al., 2005)
OR
Johnson et al. (2005) talks about…
Cite just the last name of the first author
Johnson, L., Lewis, K., Peters, M., Harris, Y., Moreton, G., Morgan, B. et al. (2005). How far Is far? London: McMillan.
When a work has more than six authors cite the surnames
Book
followed by et al. and year for the first and all other citations
& initials of the first six authors then follow with the abbreviation et al (followed by a full-stop).
No author
Management is defined as (CCH Macquarie Dictionary, 1993)
OR
CCH Macquarie Dictionary (1993) defines…
Cite in the text the first few words of the title and the year.
The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.
Book
Multiple works by the same author
…geology of Queensland’s national parks (Willmott, 2004, 2006).
Willmott, W.F . (2004). Rocks and landscapes of the national parks of Southern Queensland. Brisbane: Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division.
Willmott, W.F. (2006). Rocks and landscapes of the national parks of Central Queensland. Brisbane: Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division.
Order chronologically from earliest in the reference list
Book
Multiple works by the same author, published in the same year
(Dawkins, 1996a, 1996b)
Dawkins, R. (1996a). Climbing Mount Improbable. London: Viking.
Dawkins, R. (1996b). River Out of Eden. London: Phoenix.
Order alphabetically by title in the Reference list.
Book
Book by an organisation or institution (corporate author)
(Queensland Health, 2002)
Queensland Health (2002) recommends that….
Queensland Health. (2002). Best practice guidelines for the management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Brisbane, Qld.: Queensland Health.
Book
Different Editions
(DeHart, Alan & Cooper, 1995)
DeHart, G. B., Alan Sroufe, L., & Cooper, R. G. (1995).
Book
DeHart, Alan & Cooper (1995) state the idea that…
Child development: Its nature and course (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
The edition statement is placed after the title of the work. This is not necessary for a first edition.
Edited book
(Friedman & Wachs, 1999)
(Everson, 1991)
Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Everson, S. (Ed.). (1991). Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Edited book
Book Series
(Simons, 1996)
Simons (1996) argues that…
Simons, R. C. (1996). Boo!: Culture, experience and the startle reflex. Series in affective science. New York: Oxford University Press.
Book
Need to add in series name manually into reference list.
Electronic book – entire book
…globalisation concerns (Pettinger, 2002).
Pettinger, R. (2002). Global organizations. Oxford: Capston Publishing. Available from NetLibrary database.
When the link leads to how to access material rather than material itself, use “Available from”.
Electronic book
Put NetLibrary in Name of the Database field.
Translation of a book
(Yline, 2008)
Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy : for sport and manual therapies (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.).
Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Book
Include translator name in translator field
Chapter in a book
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of chapter – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) – initials and family name - of book (Eds), Title of book – italicised, (pp. Page numbers). Publisher: Place of publication.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Chapter in an edited book
(Baker & Lightfoot, 1993)
Use the chapter authors, NOT the editors of the book
Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Book section
Chapter from an electronic book
(Scott, 2005)
Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda (Ed.) Anthropologies of modernity (pp.21-49). Retrieved from Wiley InterScience database.
Electronic book
Manually add page numbers and italicise the book title
Dictionary or Encyclopaedia
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of work – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title – italicised. (Edition). Publisher: Place of publication.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Dictionary or Encyclopedia
(Wolman, 1989)
Wolman, B.B. (1989). Dictionary of behavioral science (2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.
If multiple volumes, list after edition in brackets eg. (2nd ed., Vols. 1-5).
Dictionary
Journal Articles
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised, Volume – italicised( Issue or number), Page number(s).
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote Reference Type
Journal article – one author
(Mellers, 2000)
Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 50(2), 49-52.
Journal article
OR
Mellers (2000) thought that….
Journal article – two authors
(Schafer & Kang, 2008)
Schafer, J.L. & Kang, J. (2008). Average causal effects from nonrandomized studies: A practical guide and simulated example. Psychological Methods, 13, 279-313.
Journal article
Journal article – three to six authors
(Skenderian, Siegel, Crano, Alvaro, & Lac, 2008)
Skenderian, J, Siegel, J. T., Crano, W.D., Alvaro, E.E. & Lac, A. (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 563-569.
Journal article
Journal article – more than six authors
(Galea et al., 2008)
Use only first author last name then et al., including for first time citation used.
Galea, L.A., Uban, K. A., Epp, J.R., Brummelte, S., Barha, C.K., Wilson, W. L. et al. (2008). Endocrine regulation of cognition and neuroplasticity: Our pursuit to unveil the complex interaction between hormones, the brain, and behaviour. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 62, 247-260.
List the first six authors then use et al.
Journal article
Journal article – in press
(Williams & Beattie, in press)
Williams, S. & Beattie, H. J. (in press). Problem based learning in the clinical setting – a systematic review. Nurse Education Today.
Journal article
Put “in press” in year field
Electronic article – with DOI number
(Fletcher & Wagstaff, 2009)
Fletcher and Wagstaff argues that “…” (2009)
Fletcher, David & Wagstaff, Christopher R. D. (2009).
Organizational psychology in elite sport: Its emergence, application and future. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(4), 427-434. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.03.009
The volume number is in italics
Electronic article
Remove any URL field information
Add the DOI number to the “DOI” field
Electronic article – without DOI number
(Shu-Cheng, Chi - Friedman & Yang, 2009)
Shu-Cheng, Steve , Chi - Friedman, Raymond A. & Yang, Mei-Yu. (2009). Are supervisors fair mediators? The effects of personality traits and age difference on expected mediation fairness. Social Behavior and Personality, 37(1), 59-118. Retrieved from http://www.swetswise.com/titleBank/
getAtoZList.do?title=187408
Electronic article
Use the URL field and enter either the URL of the journal's website (for subscription journals), or the full URL of the article (for articles available free on the web)
Cochrane Library
(Loveman, Royle & Waugh, 2003)
Richter, B., Bandeira Echtler, E., Bergerhoff, K., Clar, C., & Ebrahim, S.H. (2007, July 18). Rosiglitazone for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2007 (3), DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD006063.pub2. Retrieved August 11, 2008, from The Cochrane Library Database.
Electronic article
Needs to be modified to include all information
Article from UQ eReserve
(Shaw, 2003)
Shaw, J. (2003). Epidemiology and prevention of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Medical journal of Australia, 179, 379-383. Retrieved December 19, 2007, from University of Queensland Library E-Reserve.
Electronic article
Put “University of Queensland Library E-Reserve” in URL field
Need to add retrieval date manually
Conference papers
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of paper – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of paper. Title of published proceeding – italicised. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Published conference paper
(Bohrer, Zielke &Freiburg, 1995)
Bohrer, S., Zielke, T., & Freiburg, V. (1995). Integrated obstacle detection framework for intelligent cruise control on motorways. Paper presented at IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Detroit, MI: Piscataway.
Conference paper
Add “Detroit, MI: Piscataway” to Conference Title field as well
Unpublished conference paper
(Bowden and Fairley, 1996)
Bowden, F.J. & Fairley, C.K. (1996, June). Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations of effective rates of partner change. Paper presented at the scientific meeting of the Royal Australian College of Physicians, Darwin.
Conference paper
Add “scientific meeting of the Royal Australian College of Physicians, Darwin” in the Conference Name field
Add “1996, June” in the Year field
Newspaper and magazine articles
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication, month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper – italicised, p. page number(s).
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Newspaper article with author
(Cook, 2002)
Cook, D. (2002, January 28). All in the mind. The Age, p. 8.
Newspaper article
Newspaper article without author
(Meeting the needs, 2001)
Meeting the needs of counsellors. (2001, May 5). The Courier Mail, p. 22.
Newspaper article
Magazine article
(Marano, 2008)
Marano, H.E. (2008, March-April). Making of a perfectionist. Psychology Today, 41, 80-86.
Magazine article
Electronic newspaper or magazine article
(Sandy, 2009)
Sandy, A. (2009, January 22).Cheaper to fly than hire a bike in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/
0,23739,24949645-952,00.html
Electronic article
Put date in Year field eg. 2009, January 22
Government Publications
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of report – (person or organisation), use & for multiple authors. (Year of Publication). Title of report – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Government report
(Queensland Health, 2005)
Queensland Health. (2005). Health Systems Review Final Report. Brisbane: Queensland Government.
Report
Thesis
Elements of the citation for a thesis
Author of thesis – family name and initials. (Year of preparation of thesis). Title of thesis – italicised. (Award, Institution, Year).
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Thesis- retrieved from institutional or personal website
(Axford, 2007)
Axford, J.C. (2007). What constitutes success in Pacific island community conserved areas? (Doctoral dissertation, University of Queensland, 2007). Retrieved from
Thesis
http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:158747
Thesis – retrieved from database
(Sheehan, 2007)
Sheehan, L. R. (2007). Destination management organizations: A stakeholder perspective. Retrieved from Proquest Digital Dissertations. (AAT NR25719)
Thesis
Webpages
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of page – person or organisation, use & for multiple authors. (Year page created or revised). Title of page – italicised. Retrieved month day, year of retrieval, from web address.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Web page - with author
(Atherton, 2005)
Atherton, J. (2005). Behaviour Modification. Retrieved February 5, 2009, from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/ behaviour_mod.htm
Web Page
Web page - no author
(Behaviour modification, 2007)
Use title instead of author name
Behaviour modification. (2007). Retrieved February 5, 2009, from http://www.educational-psychologist.org.uk/behaviour.html
Web Page
Webpage – no date
(Society of Clinical Psychology, n.d.)
Society of Clinical Psychology. (n.d.) About Clinical Psychology. Retrieved January 28, 2009, from http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/ aboutcp.html
Web Page
Webpage – corporate author
(Queensland Health, 2008)
As stated by Queensland Health (2008),
Queensland Health. (2008). Healthy start in life. Retrieved March 10, 2009, from http://www.health.qld.gov.au/ph/documents/ saphs/hsil_full_doc.pdf.
Electronic article
Web Article with DOI
(Degenhardt, Bohnert & Anthony, 2008)
Degenhardt, L., Bohnert, K. M., & Anthony, J. C. (2008). Assessment of cocaine and other drug dependence in the general population: 'Gated' versus 'ungated' approaches. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93(3), 227-232. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.024
Electronic article
Web Article with no DOI or feely available on Web
(Kenardy & Piercy, 2006)
Kenardy, J., & Piercy, J. A. (2006). Effect of information provision on trauma symptoms following therapeutic writing. Australian Psychologist, 41(3), 205-212. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.org.au/Journal.aspx?ID=1202
Electronic article
Image on a webpage
The image of the rash (Scarlet Fever Rash Picture, n.d.)
Scarlet Fever Rash Picture [Image] (n.d.). Retrieved December 19, 2007 from http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/dermatlas/ scarletfever.html
Web page
Add image to “Type of medium” field
Other Internet Sources:
Elements of the citation
Author. (Year, month day). Title, [Type of media]. Date Accessed, Year Accessed, Web address
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Podcasts
(Al Zaabi & Bjarnesen, 2006)
Al Zaabi, M. (Producer) & Bjarnesen, T. (Presenter). (2006, November 7). Diabetes in the elderly [Podcast radio programme]. Sydney: ABC Radio National. Retrieved January 11, 2007, from http://www.abc.net.au/hn/talks/
Film or broadcast
Add “Producer” and “Presenter” in manually
Email or personal communication
K.P.Miles (personal communication, August 6, 2008)
Or
(L.J.Henderson, personal communication, February 5, 2007)
Not included in reference list, only cited in text.
Entered into text manually
Message posted to a newsgroup, online forum or discussion group
(Winther, 2009)
Winther, M. (2009, January 14). The Unconscious is Spirit [Msg 1]. Message posted to http://groups.google.com/group/ alt.psychology.jung/topics?lnk
Generic
Add “2009, January 14” to Year field
Add “The Unconscious is Spirit [Msg 1].” in Secondary Title
field
Add “Message posted to http://groups.google.com...” to Publisher field
Blog Post
(Reville, 2006)
Reville, L. (2006, September 5). Where to find fundraising ideas. Message posted to http://nlrp.blogspot.com/
Generic
Add “2006, September 5” to Year field
Add “Where to find fundraising ideas” in Secondary Title field
Add “Message posted to http://nlrp.blogspot.com/ to Publisher field
Email Discussion List – Web Archive
(Vuinovich, 2001)
Vuinovich G. (2001, April 4). Report on malaria outbreak. Message post to HCMATTERS electronic mailing list, archived at http://www.hcmatters.org/VirtualListserv_Archives/ HCM/Policy/2001/msg016.html
Generic
Add “2001, April 4” to Year field
Add “Report on malaria outbreak” in Secondary Title field
Add “Message posted to HCMATTERS….” to Publisher field
Brochures
Elements of the citation
Author. (Year). Title of brochure. [Brochure]. Place: Use author as publisher.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Brochure
(University of Queensland, Student Services, 2000)
University of Queensland, Student Services, Personal Counselling Program. (2000). Eating disorders [Brochure]. Brisbane: Author.
Book
Put “Author” in publisher field.
Add [Brochure] after title manually
Lecture Notes
Elements of the citation
Name of author(s) or the institution responsible, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title and subtitle of publication – italicised, Name of institution, Location of institution.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Lecture notes - print
(Johnson, 2008)
Johnson, A. (2008). Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint slides]. Unpublished manuscript,
Unpublished work
BESC1001, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
List name of city, state and country. Do not include state if listed in university name.
Add [Powerpoint slides] manually
Add “manuscript” to Type of Work field
Add “BESC1001, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia” to the Institution field
Lecture notes - online
(Johnson, 2008)
Johnson, A. (2008). Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from BESC1001, University of Queensland Blackboard Online: http://www.elearning.uq.edu.au/
Web page
Add “Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint slides] to title field
Add “BESC1001, University of Queensland Blackboard Online: http://www.elearning.uq.edu.au/” to URL field
Video or DVD
Elements of the citation
Title of video or DVD – italicised Year of publication, Format, Publisher, Place of recording.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Video or DVD
(Spielberg & Rodat, 1998)
Spielberg, S. (Director), & Rodat, R. (Writer). (1998). Saving Private Ryan [Motion picture]. United
Film or broadcast
In the Medium field, put in Motion
States: Paramount Pictures.
picture
Television programs
Elements of the citation
Writer name(s) (Writer). (Year, month day). [ Type of medium]. Place of broadcast: Who broadcast the program.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Television or radio programs
(Bryant, 2001)
Bryant, B. (Writer). (2001, September 12). The Bryant medical hour [Television broadcast]. Sydney, NSW: Public Broadcasting Service.
Film or broadcast
In Year field, add 2001, September 12
In the Medium field, put in Television broadcast
Indirect citation
An indirect citation is when the ideas of one author are published in another author’s text but you have not read or accessed the original author’s work. In the list of References provide the details of the author of the work you have read.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Indirect citation or secondary source
Miller (cited in Agrios 2005) found …
… it was found (Miller, cited in Agrios 2005).
Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology (5th ed.) Burlington, Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press.
Cite the source where you found the citation
Book
Use the relevant reference for what you are citing. Include “cited in” manually using “Edit Citation” option.