NSS TRAINING COLLEGE, OTTAPPALAM
MICROTEACHING SKILL PRACTICE - OBSERVATION SCHEDULE
Name of Teacher Trainee: Rl. No.
Optional Subject: Session: Teach/ Re-teach
Date: Duration/time: concept/topic:
SKILL: Rating
Sl.No Subskills/Components Poor
Below average
Avg
Above average
Good
Very Good
Excellent
Comments/ Suggestion of supervisor
Signature of Supervisor
Monday, November 28, 2011
Thursday, November 10, 2011
reference and referencing APA format
References/Bibliography
APA
Based on the "Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association" 5th edition.
References/Bibliography
APA
Based on the “Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association” 5th edition.
The “APA style” is a generic author-date style for citing and referencing information in assignments and publications. There are many styles which follow the author-date convention, including the Harvard style and the Chicago Manual of Style. This guide is based on the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual, 5th edition.
Note:
Before you write your list of references, check with your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the School. There may be differences in the style recommended by the School.
What is referencing?
Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments and which allows the sources to be identified.
Why reference?
Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to follow up what you have written and more fully understand the cited author’s work.
Steps in referencing
•
Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the source from which information is taken.
•
Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document.
•
Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document.
In-text citations
•
In an author-date style, in-text citations usually require the name of the author(s) and the year of publication.
•
A page number is included if you have a direct quote, paraphrase a passage or you want to direct the reader to a specific page or idea. Page numbers may also be included if the you are referring to a long work and the page numbers might be useful to the reader.
How to create a reference list/bibliography
•
A reference list includes just the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the text of the document. A bibliography includes all sources consulted for background or further reading.
•
A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.
•
If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, starting with the earliest publication.
•
Each reference appears on a new line.
•
Each item in the reference list is required to have a hanging indent.
•
References should not be numbered.
Referencing Software
The University of Queensland Library provides access to EndNote and RefWorks which assist in creating reference lists. The APA 5th style is included with the Endnote program. You can also download an additional APA style from the UQ Library that includes the “APA Style Guide to Electronic References” at http://www.library.uq.edu.au/faqs/endnote/styles.html
Book
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of book – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote
One author
Sophisticated searching techniques are important in finding information (Berkman, 1994)
OR
Berkman (1994, p. 25) claimed that …
Berkman, R. I. (1994). Find it fast: How to uncover expert information. New York: Harper Perrenial.
Book
Two to six authors
It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel, 1991)
OR
Moir and Jessel (1991) found students…
Always list the authors in the order they appear in the publication.
Moir, A., & Jessel, D. (1991). Brain sex: the real difference between men and women. London: Mandarin.
Book
Six or more authors
It was argued that…(Johnson et al., 2005)
OR
Johnson et al. (2005) talks about…
Cite just the last name of the first author
Johnson, L., Lewis, K., Peters, M., Harris, Y., Moreton, G., Morgan, B. et al. (2005). How far Is far? London: McMillan.
When a work has more than six authors cite the surnames
Book
followed by et al. and year for the first and all other citations
& initials of the first six authors then follow with the abbreviation et al (followed by a full-stop).
No author
Management is defined as (CCH Macquarie Dictionary, 1993)
OR
CCH Macquarie Dictionary (1993) defines…
Cite in the text the first few words of the title and the year.
The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.
Book
Multiple works by the same author
…geology of Queensland’s national parks (Willmott, 2004, 2006).
Willmott, W.F . (2004). Rocks and landscapes of the national parks of Southern Queensland. Brisbane: Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division.
Willmott, W.F. (2006). Rocks and landscapes of the national parks of Central Queensland. Brisbane: Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division.
Order chronologically from earliest in the reference list
Book
Multiple works by the same author, published in the same year
(Dawkins, 1996a, 1996b)
Dawkins, R. (1996a). Climbing Mount Improbable. London: Viking.
Dawkins, R. (1996b). River Out of Eden. London: Phoenix.
Order alphabetically by title in the Reference list.
Book
Book by an organisation or institution (corporate author)
(Queensland Health, 2002)
Queensland Health (2002) recommends that….
Queensland Health. (2002). Best practice guidelines for the management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Brisbane, Qld.: Queensland Health.
Book
Different Editions
(DeHart, Alan & Cooper, 1995)
DeHart, G. B., Alan Sroufe, L., & Cooper, R. G. (1995).
Book
DeHart, Alan & Cooper (1995) state the idea that…
Child development: Its nature and course (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
The edition statement is placed after the title of the work. This is not necessary for a first edition.
Edited book
(Friedman & Wachs, 1999)
(Everson, 1991)
Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Everson, S. (Ed.). (1991). Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Edited book
Book Series
(Simons, 1996)
Simons (1996) argues that…
Simons, R. C. (1996). Boo!: Culture, experience and the startle reflex. Series in affective science. New York: Oxford University Press.
Book
Need to add in series name manually into reference list.
Electronic book – entire book
…globalisation concerns (Pettinger, 2002).
Pettinger, R. (2002). Global organizations. Oxford: Capston Publishing. Available from NetLibrary database.
When the link leads to how to access material rather than material itself, use “Available from”.
Electronic book
Put NetLibrary in Name of the Database field.
Translation of a book
(Yline, 2008)
Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy : for sport and manual therapies (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.).
Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Book
Include translator name in translator field
Chapter in a book
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of chapter – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) – initials and family name - of book (Eds), Title of book – italicised, (pp. Page numbers). Publisher: Place of publication.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Chapter in an edited book
(Baker & Lightfoot, 1993)
Use the chapter authors, NOT the editors of the book
Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Book section
Chapter from an electronic book
(Scott, 2005)
Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda (Ed.) Anthropologies of modernity (pp.21-49). Retrieved from Wiley InterScience database.
Electronic book
Manually add page numbers and italicise the book title
Dictionary or Encyclopaedia
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of work – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title – italicised. (Edition). Publisher: Place of publication.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Dictionary or Encyclopedia
(Wolman, 1989)
Wolman, B.B. (1989). Dictionary of behavioral science (2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.
If multiple volumes, list after edition in brackets eg. (2nd ed., Vols. 1-5).
Dictionary
Journal Articles
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of journal article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of journal article. Journal name – italicised, Volume – italicised( Issue or number), Page number(s).
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote Reference Type
Journal article – one author
(Mellers, 2000)
Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 50(2), 49-52.
Journal article
OR
Mellers (2000) thought that….
Journal article – two authors
(Schafer & Kang, 2008)
Schafer, J.L. & Kang, J. (2008). Average causal effects from nonrandomized studies: A practical guide and simulated example. Psychological Methods, 13, 279-313.
Journal article
Journal article – three to six authors
(Skenderian, Siegel, Crano, Alvaro, & Lac, 2008)
Skenderian, J, Siegel, J. T., Crano, W.D., Alvaro, E.E. & Lac, A. (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 563-569.
Journal article
Journal article – more than six authors
(Galea et al., 2008)
Use only first author last name then et al., including for first time citation used.
Galea, L.A., Uban, K. A., Epp, J.R., Brummelte, S., Barha, C.K., Wilson, W. L. et al. (2008). Endocrine regulation of cognition and neuroplasticity: Our pursuit to unveil the complex interaction between hormones, the brain, and behaviour. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 62, 247-260.
List the first six authors then use et al.
Journal article
Journal article – in press
(Williams & Beattie, in press)
Williams, S. & Beattie, H. J. (in press). Problem based learning in the clinical setting – a systematic review. Nurse Education Today.
Journal article
Put “in press” in year field
Electronic article – with DOI number
(Fletcher & Wagstaff, 2009)
Fletcher and Wagstaff argues that “…” (2009)
Fletcher, David & Wagstaff, Christopher R. D. (2009).
Organizational psychology in elite sport: Its emergence, application and future. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(4), 427-434. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.03.009
The volume number is in italics
Electronic article
Remove any URL field information
Add the DOI number to the “DOI” field
Electronic article – without DOI number
(Shu-Cheng, Chi - Friedman & Yang, 2009)
Shu-Cheng, Steve , Chi - Friedman, Raymond A. & Yang, Mei-Yu. (2009). Are supervisors fair mediators? The effects of personality traits and age difference on expected mediation fairness. Social Behavior and Personality, 37(1), 59-118. Retrieved from http://www.swetswise.com/titleBank/
getAtoZList.do?title=187408
Electronic article
Use the URL field and enter either the URL of the journal's website (for subscription journals), or the full URL of the article (for articles available free on the web)
Cochrane Library
(Loveman, Royle & Waugh, 2003)
Richter, B., Bandeira Echtler, E., Bergerhoff, K., Clar, C., & Ebrahim, S.H. (2007, July 18). Rosiglitazone for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2007 (3), DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD006063.pub2. Retrieved August 11, 2008, from The Cochrane Library Database.
Electronic article
Needs to be modified to include all information
Article from UQ eReserve
(Shaw, 2003)
Shaw, J. (2003). Epidemiology and prevention of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Medical journal of Australia, 179, 379-383. Retrieved December 19, 2007, from University of Queensland Library E-Reserve.
Electronic article
Put “University of Queensland Library E-Reserve” in URL field
Need to add retrieval date manually
Conference papers
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of paper – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of paper. Title of published proceeding – italicised. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Published conference paper
(Bohrer, Zielke &Freiburg, 1995)
Bohrer, S., Zielke, T., & Freiburg, V. (1995). Integrated obstacle detection framework for intelligent cruise control on motorways. Paper presented at IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Detroit, MI: Piscataway.
Conference paper
Add “Detroit, MI: Piscataway” to Conference Title field as well
Unpublished conference paper
(Bowden and Fairley, 1996)
Bowden, F.J. & Fairley, C.K. (1996, June). Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations of effective rates of partner change. Paper presented at the scientific meeting of the Royal Australian College of Physicians, Darwin.
Conference paper
Add “scientific meeting of the Royal Australian College of Physicians, Darwin” in the Conference Name field
Add “1996, June” in the Year field
Newspaper and magazine articles
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication, month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper – italicised, p. page number(s).
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Newspaper article with author
(Cook, 2002)
Cook, D. (2002, January 28). All in the mind. The Age, p. 8.
Newspaper article
Newspaper article without author
(Meeting the needs, 2001)
Meeting the needs of counsellors. (2001, May 5). The Courier Mail, p. 22.
Newspaper article
Magazine article
(Marano, 2008)
Marano, H.E. (2008, March-April). Making of a perfectionist. Psychology Today, 41, 80-86.
Magazine article
Electronic newspaper or magazine article
(Sandy, 2009)
Sandy, A. (2009, January 22).Cheaper to fly than hire a bike in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/
0,23739,24949645-952,00.html
Electronic article
Put date in Year field eg. 2009, January 22
Government Publications
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of report – (person or organisation), use & for multiple authors. (Year of Publication). Title of report – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Government report
(Queensland Health, 2005)
Queensland Health. (2005). Health Systems Review Final Report. Brisbane: Queensland Government.
Report
Thesis
Elements of the citation for a thesis
Author of thesis – family name and initials. (Year of preparation of thesis). Title of thesis – italicised. (Award, Institution, Year).
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Thesis- retrieved from institutional or personal website
(Axford, 2007)
Axford, J.C. (2007). What constitutes success in Pacific island community conserved areas? (Doctoral dissertation, University of Queensland, 2007). Retrieved from
Thesis
http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:158747
Thesis – retrieved from database
(Sheehan, 2007)
Sheehan, L. R. (2007). Destination management organizations: A stakeholder perspective. Retrieved from Proquest Digital Dissertations. (AAT NR25719)
Thesis
Webpages
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of page – person or organisation, use & for multiple authors. (Year page created or revised). Title of page – italicised. Retrieved month day, year of retrieval, from web address.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Web page - with author
(Atherton, 2005)
Atherton, J. (2005). Behaviour Modification. Retrieved February 5, 2009, from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/ behaviour_mod.htm
Web Page
Web page - no author
(Behaviour modification, 2007)
Use title instead of author name
Behaviour modification. (2007). Retrieved February 5, 2009, from http://www.educational-psychologist.org.uk/behaviour.html
Web Page
Webpage – no date
(Society of Clinical Psychology, n.d.)
Society of Clinical Psychology. (n.d.) About Clinical Psychology. Retrieved January 28, 2009, from http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/ aboutcp.html
Web Page
Webpage – corporate author
(Queensland Health, 2008)
As stated by Queensland Health (2008),
Queensland Health. (2008). Healthy start in life. Retrieved March 10, 2009, from http://www.health.qld.gov.au/ph/documents/ saphs/hsil_full_doc.pdf.
Electronic article
Web Article with DOI
(Degenhardt, Bohnert & Anthony, 2008)
Degenhardt, L., Bohnert, K. M., & Anthony, J. C. (2008). Assessment of cocaine and other drug dependence in the general population: 'Gated' versus 'ungated' approaches. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93(3), 227-232. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.024
Electronic article
Web Article with no DOI or feely available on Web
(Kenardy & Piercy, 2006)
Kenardy, J., & Piercy, J. A. (2006). Effect of information provision on trauma symptoms following therapeutic writing. Australian Psychologist, 41(3), 205-212. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.org.au/Journal.aspx?ID=1202
Electronic article
Image on a webpage
The image of the rash (Scarlet Fever Rash Picture, n.d.)
Scarlet Fever Rash Picture [Image] (n.d.). Retrieved December 19, 2007 from http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/dermatlas/ scarletfever.html
Web page
Add image to “Type of medium” field
Other Internet Sources:
Elements of the citation
Author. (Year, month day). Title, [Type of media]. Date Accessed, Year Accessed, Web address
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Podcasts
(Al Zaabi & Bjarnesen, 2006)
Al Zaabi, M. (Producer) & Bjarnesen, T. (Presenter). (2006, November 7). Diabetes in the elderly [Podcast radio programme]. Sydney: ABC Radio National. Retrieved January 11, 2007, from http://www.abc.net.au/hn/talks/
Film or broadcast
Add “Producer” and “Presenter” in manually
Email or personal communication
K.P.Miles (personal communication, August 6, 2008)
Or
(L.J.Henderson, personal communication, February 5, 2007)
Not included in reference list, only cited in text.
Entered into text manually
Message posted to a newsgroup, online forum or discussion group
(Winther, 2009)
Winther, M. (2009, January 14). The Unconscious is Spirit [Msg 1]. Message posted to http://groups.google.com/group/ alt.psychology.jung/topics?lnk
Generic
Add “2009, January 14” to Year field
Add “The Unconscious is Spirit [Msg 1].” in Secondary Title
field
Add “Message posted to http://groups.google.com...” to Publisher field
Blog Post
(Reville, 2006)
Reville, L. (2006, September 5). Where to find fundraising ideas. Message posted to http://nlrp.blogspot.com/
Generic
Add “2006, September 5” to Year field
Add “Where to find fundraising ideas” in Secondary Title field
Add “Message posted to http://nlrp.blogspot.com/ to Publisher field
Email Discussion List – Web Archive
(Vuinovich, 2001)
Vuinovich G. (2001, April 4). Report on malaria outbreak. Message post to HCMATTERS electronic mailing list, archived at http://www.hcmatters.org/VirtualListserv_Archives/ HCM/Policy/2001/msg016.html
Generic
Add “2001, April 4” to Year field
Add “Report on malaria outbreak” in Secondary Title field
Add “Message posted to HCMATTERS….” to Publisher field
Brochures
Elements of the citation
Author. (Year). Title of brochure. [Brochure]. Place: Use author as publisher.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Brochure
(University of Queensland, Student Services, 2000)
University of Queensland, Student Services, Personal Counselling Program. (2000). Eating disorders [Brochure]. Brisbane: Author.
Book
Put “Author” in publisher field.
Add [Brochure] after title manually
Lecture Notes
Elements of the citation
Name of author(s) or the institution responsible, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title and subtitle of publication – italicised, Name of institution, Location of institution.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Lecture notes - print
(Johnson, 2008)
Johnson, A. (2008). Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint slides]. Unpublished manuscript,
Unpublished work
BESC1001, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
List name of city, state and country. Do not include state if listed in university name.
Add [Powerpoint slides] manually
Add “manuscript” to Type of Work field
Add “BESC1001, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia” to the Institution field
Lecture notes - online
(Johnson, 2008)
Johnson, A. (2008). Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from BESC1001, University of Queensland Blackboard Online: http://www.elearning.uq.edu.au/
Web page
Add “Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint slides] to title field
Add “BESC1001, University of Queensland Blackboard Online: http://www.elearning.uq.edu.au/” to URL field
Video or DVD
Elements of the citation
Title of video or DVD – italicised Year of publication, Format, Publisher, Place of recording.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Video or DVD
(Spielberg & Rodat, 1998)
Spielberg, S. (Director), & Rodat, R. (Writer). (1998). Saving Private Ryan [Motion picture]. United
Film or broadcast
In the Medium field, put in Motion
States: Paramount Pictures.
picture
Television programs
Elements of the citation
Writer name(s) (Writer). (Year, month day). [ Type of medium]. Place of broadcast: Who broadcast the program.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Television or radio programs
(Bryant, 2001)
Bryant, B. (Writer). (2001, September 12). The Bryant medical hour [Television broadcast]. Sydney, NSW: Public Broadcasting Service.
Film or broadcast
In Year field, add 2001, September 12
In the Medium field, put in Television broadcast
Indirect citation
An indirect citation is when the ideas of one author are published in another author’s text but you have not read or accessed the original author’s work. In the list of References provide the details of the author of the work you have read.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote and RefWorks (which reference type?)
Indirect citation or secondary source
Miller (cited in Agrios 2005) found …
… it was found (Miller, cited in Agrios 2005).
Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology (5th ed.) Burlington, Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press.
Cite the source where you found the citation
Book
Use the relevant reference for what you are citing. Include “cited in” manually using “Edit Citation” option.
APA
Based on the "Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association" 5th edition.
References/Bibliography
APA
Based on the “Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association” 5th edition.
The “APA style” is a generic author-date style for citing and referencing information in assignments and publications. There are many styles which follow the author-date convention, including the Harvard style and the Chicago Manual of Style. This guide is based on the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual, 5th edition.
Note:
Before you write your list of references, check with your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the School. There may be differences in the style recommended by the School.
What is referencing?
Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments and which allows the sources to be identified.
Why reference?
Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to follow up what you have written and more fully understand the cited author’s work.
Steps in referencing
•
Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the source from which information is taken.
•
Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document.
•
Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document.
In-text citations
•
In an author-date style, in-text citations usually require the name of the author(s) and the year of publication.
•
A page number is included if you have a direct quote, paraphrase a passage or you want to direct the reader to a specific page or idea. Page numbers may also be included if the you are referring to a long work and the page numbers might be useful to the reader.
How to create a reference list/bibliography
•
A reference list includes just the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the text of the document. A bibliography includes all sources consulted for background or further reading.
•
A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.
•
If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, starting with the earliest publication.
•
Each reference appears on a new line.
•
Each item in the reference list is required to have a hanging indent.
•
References should not be numbered.
Referencing Software
The University of Queensland Library provides access to EndNote and RefWorks which assist in creating reference lists. The APA 5th style is included with the Endnote program. You can also download an additional APA style from the UQ Library that includes the “APA Style Guide to Electronic References” at http://www.library.uq.edu.au/faqs/endnote/styles.html
Book
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of book – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.
Reference type
In-text examples
Reference list example
EndNote
One author
Sophisticated searching techniques are important in finding information (Berkman, 1994)
OR
Berkman (1994, p. 25) claimed that …
Berkman, R. I. (1994). Find it fast: How to uncover expert information. New York: Harper Perrenial.
Book
Two to six authors
It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel, 1991)
OR
Moir and Jessel (1991) found students…
Always list the authors in the order they appear in the publication.
Moir, A., & Jessel, D. (1991). Brain sex: the real difference between men and women. London: Mandarin.
Book
Six or more authors
It was argued that…(Johnson et al., 2005)
OR
Johnson et al. (2005) talks about…
Cite just the last name of the first author
Johnson, L., Lewis, K., Peters, M., Harris, Y., Moreton, G., Morgan, B. et al. (2005). How far Is far? London: McMillan.
When a work has more than six authors cite the surnames
Book
followed by et al. and year for the first and all other citations
& initials of the first six authors then follow with the abbreviation et al (followed by a full-stop).
No author
Management is defined as (CCH Macquarie Dictionary, 1993)
OR
CCH Macquarie Dictionary (1993) defines…
Cite in the text the first few words of the title and the year.
The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.
Book
Multiple works by the same author
…geology of Queensland’s national parks (Willmott, 2004, 2006).
Willmott, W.F . (2004). Rocks and landscapes of the national parks of Southern Queensland. Brisbane: Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division.
Willmott, W.F. (2006). Rocks and landscapes of the national parks of Central Queensland. Brisbane: Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division.
Order chronologically from earliest in the reference list
Book
Multiple works by the same author, published in the same year
(Dawkins, 1996a, 1996b)
Dawkins, R. (1996a). Climbing Mount Improbable. London: Viking.
Dawkins, R. (1996b). River Out of Eden. London: Phoenix.
Order alphabetically by title in the Reference list.
Book
Book by an organisation or institution (corporate author)
(Queensland Health, 2002)
Queensland Health (2002) recommends that….
Queensland Health. (2002). Best practice guidelines for the management of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Brisbane, Qld.: Queensland Health.
Book
Different Editions
(DeHart, Alan & Cooper, 1995)
DeHart, G. B., Alan Sroufe, L., & Cooper, R. G. (1995).
Book
DeHart, Alan & Cooper (1995) state the idea that…
Child development: Its nature and course (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
The edition statement is placed after the title of the work. This is not necessary for a first edition.
Edited book
(Friedman & Wachs, 1999)
(Everson, 1991)
Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Everson, S. (Ed.). (1991). Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Edited book
Book Series
(Simons, 1996)
Simons (1996) argues that…
Simons, R. C. (1996). Boo!: Culture, experience and the startle reflex. Series in affective science. New York: Oxford University Press.
Book
Need to add in series name manually into reference list.
Electronic book – entire book
…globalisation concerns (Pettinger, 2002).
Pettinger, R. (2002). Global organizations. Oxford: Capston Publishing. Available from NetLibrary database.
When the link leads to how to access material rather than material itself, use “Available from”.
Electronic book
Put NetLibrary in Name of the Database field.
Translation of a book
(Yline, 2008)
Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy : for sport and manual therapies (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.).
Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Book
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Author(s) of chapter – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) – initials and family name - of book (Eds), Title of book – italicised, (pp. Page numbers). Publisher: Place of publication.
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(Baker & Lightfoot, 1993)
Use the chapter authors, NOT the editors of the book
Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Book section
Chapter from an electronic book
(Scott, 2005)
Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda (Ed.) Anthropologies of modernity (pp.21-49). Retrieved from Wiley InterScience database.
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Dictionary or Encyclopaedia
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(Wolman, 1989)
Wolman, B.B. (1989). Dictionary of behavioral science (2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.
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Dictionary
Journal Articles
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(Mellers, 2000)
Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 50(2), 49-52.
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OR
Mellers (2000) thought that….
Journal article – two authors
(Schafer & Kang, 2008)
Schafer, J.L. & Kang, J. (2008). Average causal effects from nonrandomized studies: A practical guide and simulated example. Psychological Methods, 13, 279-313.
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Journal article – three to six authors
(Skenderian, Siegel, Crano, Alvaro, & Lac, 2008)
Skenderian, J, Siegel, J. T., Crano, W.D., Alvaro, E.E. & Lac, A. (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 563-569.
Journal article
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(Galea et al., 2008)
Use only first author last name then et al., including for first time citation used.
Galea, L.A., Uban, K. A., Epp, J.R., Brummelte, S., Barha, C.K., Wilson, W. L. et al. (2008). Endocrine regulation of cognition and neuroplasticity: Our pursuit to unveil the complex interaction between hormones, the brain, and behaviour. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 62, 247-260.
List the first six authors then use et al.
Journal article
Journal article – in press
(Williams & Beattie, in press)
Williams, S. & Beattie, H. J. (in press). Problem based learning in the clinical setting – a systematic review. Nurse Education Today.
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Electronic article – with DOI number
(Fletcher & Wagstaff, 2009)
Fletcher and Wagstaff argues that “…” (2009)
Fletcher, David & Wagstaff, Christopher R. D. (2009).
Organizational psychology in elite sport: Its emergence, application and future. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(4), 427-434. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.03.009
The volume number is in italics
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(Shu-Cheng, Chi - Friedman & Yang, 2009)
Shu-Cheng, Steve , Chi - Friedman, Raymond A. & Yang, Mei-Yu. (2009). Are supervisors fair mediators? The effects of personality traits and age difference on expected mediation fairness. Social Behavior and Personality, 37(1), 59-118. Retrieved from http://www.swetswise.com/titleBank/
getAtoZList.do?title=187408
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Cochrane Library
(Loveman, Royle & Waugh, 2003)
Richter, B., Bandeira Echtler, E., Bergerhoff, K., Clar, C., & Ebrahim, S.H. (2007, July 18). Rosiglitazone for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2007 (3), DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD006063.pub2. Retrieved August 11, 2008, from The Cochrane Library Database.
Electronic article
Needs to be modified to include all information
Article from UQ eReserve
(Shaw, 2003)
Shaw, J. (2003). Epidemiology and prevention of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Medical journal of Australia, 179, 379-383. Retrieved December 19, 2007, from University of Queensland Library E-Reserve.
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Conference papers
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Bohrer, S., Zielke, T., & Freiburg, V. (1995). Integrated obstacle detection framework for intelligent cruise control on motorways. Paper presented at IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Detroit, MI: Piscataway.
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Unpublished conference paper
(Bowden and Fairley, 1996)
Bowden, F.J. & Fairley, C.K. (1996, June). Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations of effective rates of partner change. Paper presented at the scientific meeting of the Royal Australian College of Physicians, Darwin.
Conference paper
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Newspaper and magazine articles
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(Cook, 2002)
Cook, D. (2002, January 28). All in the mind. The Age, p. 8.
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(Meeting the needs, 2001)
Meeting the needs of counsellors. (2001, May 5). The Courier Mail, p. 22.
Newspaper article
Magazine article
(Marano, 2008)
Marano, H.E. (2008, March-April). Making of a perfectionist. Psychology Today, 41, 80-86.
Magazine article
Electronic newspaper or magazine article
(Sandy, 2009)
Sandy, A. (2009, January 22).Cheaper to fly than hire a bike in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/
0,23739,24949645-952,00.html
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Government Publications
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Government report
(Queensland Health, 2005)
Queensland Health. (2005). Health Systems Review Final Report. Brisbane: Queensland Government.
Report
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Thesis- retrieved from institutional or personal website
(Axford, 2007)
Axford, J.C. (2007). What constitutes success in Pacific island community conserved areas? (Doctoral dissertation, University of Queensland, 2007). Retrieved from
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http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:158747
Thesis – retrieved from database
(Sheehan, 2007)
Sheehan, L. R. (2007). Destination management organizations: A stakeholder perspective. Retrieved from Proquest Digital Dissertations. (AAT NR25719)
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Webpages
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(Atherton, 2005)
Atherton, J. (2005). Behaviour Modification. Retrieved February 5, 2009, from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/ behaviour_mod.htm
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Web page - no author
(Behaviour modification, 2007)
Use title instead of author name
Behaviour modification. (2007). Retrieved February 5, 2009, from http://www.educational-psychologist.org.uk/behaviour.html
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(Society of Clinical Psychology, n.d.)
Society of Clinical Psychology. (n.d.) About Clinical Psychology. Retrieved January 28, 2009, from http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/ aboutcp.html
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Webpage – corporate author
(Queensland Health, 2008)
As stated by Queensland Health (2008),
Queensland Health. (2008). Healthy start in life. Retrieved March 10, 2009, from http://www.health.qld.gov.au/ph/documents/ saphs/hsil_full_doc.pdf.
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Web Article with DOI
(Degenhardt, Bohnert & Anthony, 2008)
Degenhardt, L., Bohnert, K. M., & Anthony, J. C. (2008). Assessment of cocaine and other drug dependence in the general population: 'Gated' versus 'ungated' approaches. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93(3), 227-232. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.024
Electronic article
Web Article with no DOI or feely available on Web
(Kenardy & Piercy, 2006)
Kenardy, J., & Piercy, J. A. (2006). Effect of information provision on trauma symptoms following therapeutic writing. Australian Psychologist, 41(3), 205-212. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.org.au/Journal.aspx?ID=1202
Electronic article
Image on a webpage
The image of the rash (Scarlet Fever Rash Picture, n.d.)
Scarlet Fever Rash Picture [Image] (n.d.). Retrieved December 19, 2007 from http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/dermatlas/ scarletfever.html
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Podcasts
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Al Zaabi, M. (Producer) & Bjarnesen, T. (Presenter). (2006, November 7). Diabetes in the elderly [Podcast radio programme]. Sydney: ABC Radio National. Retrieved January 11, 2007, from http://www.abc.net.au/hn/talks/
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(L.J.Henderson, personal communication, February 5, 2007)
Not included in reference list, only cited in text.
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Message posted to a newsgroup, online forum or discussion group
(Winther, 2009)
Winther, M. (2009, January 14). The Unconscious is Spirit [Msg 1]. Message posted to http://groups.google.com/group/ alt.psychology.jung/topics?lnk
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(Reville, 2006)
Reville, L. (2006, September 5). Where to find fundraising ideas. Message posted to http://nlrp.blogspot.com/
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(Vuinovich, 2001)
Vuinovich G. (2001, April 4). Report on malaria outbreak. Message post to HCMATTERS electronic mailing list, archived at http://www.hcmatters.org/VirtualListserv_Archives/ HCM/Policy/2001/msg016.html
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Lecture notes - print
(Johnson, 2008)
Johnson, A. (2008). Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint slides]. Unpublished manuscript,
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BESC1001, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
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Lecture notes - online
(Johnson, 2008)
Johnson, A. (2008). Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from BESC1001, University of Queensland Blackboard Online: http://www.elearning.uq.edu.au/
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(Spielberg & Rodat, 1998)
Spielberg, S. (Director), & Rodat, R. (Writer). (1998). Saving Private Ryan [Motion picture]. United
Film or broadcast
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States: Paramount Pictures.
picture
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Television or radio programs
(Bryant, 2001)
Bryant, B. (Writer). (2001, September 12). The Bryant medical hour [Television broadcast]. Sydney, NSW: Public Broadcasting Service.
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An indirect citation is when the ideas of one author are published in another author’s text but you have not read or accessed the original author’s work. In the list of References provide the details of the author of the work you have read.
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Miller (cited in Agrios 2005) found …
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Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology (5th ed.) Burlington, Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press.
Cite the source where you found the citation
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Higher Education Administration - A Brief View
Journal of College Teaching & Learning – November 2008 Volume 5, Number 11
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Higher Education Administration And Globalization In The 21st Century In India Taghi Jabbarifar, University of Yazd, Iran ABSTRACT This article deals with the changing scenario and management responsibilities of higher education in the 21st century in India. Of course, for those looking for challenges of management in higher education as a field, the future is not going to be a disappointment. Maybe by the end of the first decade of the 21st century management of higher education worldwide would have changed beyond recognition. Every administrator is required to behave like a shrewd politician. The world has been changing very fast. The pace of liberalization, privatization and globalization (LPG) is remarkable and has tremendously influenced various dimensions of management of higher education. The long-term consideration in the educational sector requires a clear statement of the direction in which a society wishes to move. Thus it is necessary to visualize the type of society India would like to have in the 21st century and beyond Keywords: Higher Education, Administration, Globalization, College, University, India INTRODUCTION TO HIGHER EDUCATION
igher education is at crossroads and is passing through exciting times. Increasing competition, widespread educational activities, global character and enhancement of technology are some of the significant factors creating a great impact on higher education. While it is in a phase of turbulent years of transition, it still provides highly talented human resources for economic development, brain power enhancement and research in several areas. Academic institutions all over the world are contributing significantly to societal development and refinement of perception. These institutions are working as centers of learning, training and manpower development. Their role has been a vital source of industrial development and creation of wealth. Planners, managers, legal authorities, scientists and researchers receive guidance from these institutions. The strategic planning and management of these institutions have to cope with challenges, such as the urge for excellence, up-gradation of skills, accessibility vis-a-vis mass education, IT revolution, resource crunch, teachers‟ empowerment, student-support services, government control, liaison with the university, trade unionism and so on. The administrators of collegiate institutions have to take these challenges into account while planning their strategies. ROLE OF COLLEGE ADMINISTRATION
A college is the fundamental element of higher education in India and is supposed to produce quality graduates, whereas the University is primarily committed to research and generation of super advanced new knowledge. Most scholars agree that knowledge is power. The younger generation of the 21st century believes that applied knowledge is power. Whatever we think about knowledge and new knowledge we must appreciate their point of view. Otherwise we will stay so far behind that we may never be able to catch up with them. In the light of the above challenges, it is very pertinent to run any academic institution in such a manner that the objectives of creating good citizens and undertaking educational activities relevant to the times are fulfilled. The college administration in India, therefore, is required to be dynamic in its approach. It has to perform both the roles of academic development on the one hand and smooth functioning on the other. Good administration and sound academic performance are mutually dependent and inseparable. Therefore, the colleges have to manage the affairs
H
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efficiently and meaningfully to facilitate the smooth functioning and to inspire teachers to improve the academic performance. Many collegiate institutions have imbalance in terms of their administration and academic pursuits. Some organizations have good administrative capacity but the academic pursuits are put in the background. There is no scarcity of resources but less emphasis is laid on academics. In some cases, infrastructure is attractive but the results are poor. It is always necessary to establish balance with optimum administration and consistency in academic pursuits. LINKAGE OF COLLEGES WITH THE UNIVERSITY The college administration in Indian Higher Education in the 21st century has links with universities and the government. Majority of colleges are affiliated to universities for academic guidance and certification of their standards. The state universities and statutes of the respective universities govern colleges. The service conditions of college teachers are governed by the University rules and regulations. The state government controls the financial aspect of college management. Pay scales, grant-in-aid, recruitment policy and other such components constitute the regulatory measures of the Government of India. Therefore, for smooth functioning of the college, the liaison with the university and the government is very important. The colleges run by private management have to develop relations with the authorities of these institutions. The management representatives on the local managing committees and governing bodies of the institutions have a vital role to play in the management of the colleges. As a result, the principal of a college has to manage the activities in the framework of rules and regulations of the university, government and management. The University Grants Commission (UGC) is also an important regulatory body for colleges, particularly, for developmental assistance and funding for several schemes. The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) has also, in recent times, created a quality consciousness among teachers and administrators of colleges. Thus, the administration of colleges has many factors to be considered in a balanced manner with an optimum consistency. It has the ultimate aim of facilitating education for students‟ development and quality maintenance. PARTICIPATION IN COLLEGE ADMINISTRATION College administration has three pillars in the Indian context—teachers, administrative staff and management of institutions. Higher Education has to enhance human capability through empowerment that knowledge gives. Here, not only do the teachers have to share the initiative but also the functioning of management has to be participative. The participative approach will make teachers responsive and accountable to the students. It will also ensure good performance through in-built appraisal methods. This will give them an opportunity to participate in the process of management and enjoy the autonomy of thought and action in the process of teaching and evaluation of their students. College management must be able to operate the mechanisms of having regular meetings with lecturers, office staff and student representatives. This would motivate everyone to strive for better performance. As advised by Freud (1991), “In major decisions you must consult not only your head but also your heart.” FACTORS OF GOOD COLLEGE MANAGEMENT Good college management and administration depend on a number of factors. They are interrelated and it becomes a primary duty of the principal of a college to correlate them and establish a working balance. The following are some of them. Management Support A continuous and healthy relation with management representatives is a key factor in day-to-day functioning of the college. It is the duty of the management to protect the institutions from the external encroachments and interference of unnecessary elements. At the same time it should have the first priority to select an appropriate person to lead the institution and then give him or her full freedom and flexibility to work. Some institutions follow this religiously and enjoy the results of good performance. The responsibility and answerability should be in-built in the system of college management.
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Urge For Excellence Colleges are a focal point of national and international integration and have to be viewed and as such. Upgrading of skills of the students is the need of the hour. This is critical for development and helps in meeting the requirements of working patterns. The role of college administration is, therefore, significant in correlating academic inputs to satisfy the competitive urge for excellence in the world. Working As A Team Every activity of the college is a team activity. At any college, teamwork and sharing of ideas are of prime importance. The head of the institution has to bear in mind that delegation of authority and division of work always go hand in hand. Faith in colleagues is a key factor. There can be a formal hierarchy in internal management and at the same time a lot of work can be carried out on the basis of informal relations. Curricular and extra-curricular activities in the college have to be shared by all. Freedom to the colleagues and flexibility in working are the main dimensions of this. It is the responsibility of the head of the institution to ensure that decision-making and implementation of decisions are always collectively done. Coming together is a beginning. Thinking together is a process; and working together is success. Responsive Administrative Staff Administrative staff of an academic institution in India is a core part of its functioning. Office administration, correspondence, accounting, record keeping, maintenance of infrastructure etc. are the continuing activities of the administration. Participation of administrative staff in administration should be encouraged and the working of the college office made efficient in every respect. An efficient head fails to perform his or her duties if the administrative staffs are not responsive and dynamic in carrying out various programmes. Financial Transparency The financial aspect of administration should be totally transparent and governed by ethics and moral values. As a college is a public institution, every care has to be taken to maintain and develop faith of stakeholders and people in general. Learner- Centered Approach The student is the main stakeholder in the process of education. Integrity of teachers is counted in terms of their sincerity in performing the duty of imparting knowledge. It is a duty of the administration to see that this process of learning and training gets the prime importance in the functioning of the college. Reputation of an institution is always decided on the basis of the quality of its output. The learner centered approach has to be reflected in the curriculum, personality development programmes, guidance and regular class teaching. The social image of the institution is always built up on this foundation. Innovativeness And Educational Experiments In view of the emerging trends in education, it is the duty of the college administration to explore new avenues and adopt innovative approaches. Research activities, vocationalisation, add-on-career oriented courses, IT related innovations; experiments in the teaching-learning process and development of quality assurance cells are some of the notable features. They will certainly improve the performance of the institutions. Students Placement Center The college administrators are responsible for placement of their students. For that they need the best quality of education.
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PROBLEMS FACED BY THE ADMINISTRATION College administration is a complex task. It has many angles to be considered. The challenges in the modern times have created a sense of competition and quality consciousness among constituents of college administration. It has some constraints and inherent limitations, which cannot be ignored in the administration process. Liberalization, privatization and globalization of education have become the buzzwords but at the same time the complexities are also increasing. The government is almost withdrawing itself from providing financial assistance. Private unaided-managements have developed a sense of commercialization of administration. The number of students in basic sciences, humanities and languages is declining very fast. The private-unaided institutions have monopolized careers in technology and medicine. The resource crunch has become more severe due to the recent policies of the government. It is only through proper planning and observance of austerity measures that the colleges can now be run, particularly when the philanthropic instinct too has gradually disappeared and higher education has gone to the commercial entrepreneurs who have started promoting it for profit. Industry interface, resource sharing, pooled teaching, classes in the evening, autonomous courses and such other sources can be beneficial to a large extent. RESPONSIBILITIES OF COLLEGE ADMINISTRATION It is clear that the principal of a college has a definite role in planning and college activities. S/he is the catalyst in pursuing the ideals for which the college stands. Of course, it cannot be done without the support of teaching and office staff and management of the institution (Trustees). In the context of the above listed challenges, the principal has to develop his/her style of functioning in such a manner that the administration becomes a collective and co-operative activity. S/he has to combine vision with routine work, evolve interactive approach and sharing of ideas in the spirit of teamwork. The call for social responsibility and converting a period of transition into an era of quality improvement can be responded to successfully by the college administration with collective vision and a zealous attitude It can produce a generation of youth with confidence to face the challenges of the times. In the past, educational processes were not confronted with the kind of challenges, which have to be faced today. Presently, technologies are changing much more radically and rapidly than ever before. What are the college administrators supposed to do? They must go along with the changes. The technological changes are resulting in changes not only in tools, the infrastructure and the profiles of work-related activities but also in organizational structures, demographic profiles and even the concepts associated with national identity and sovereignty. A college administrator must be a good planner, for nobody knows for sure what the world of the year 2020 and further will look like. But judging from the rate of changes during the last decade, it seems reasonable to state that the 20s and 30s of the 21st century will be different from the contemporary world, by an order of magnitude unprecedented in history. In spite of this forbidding prospect, the educational planners and administrators of colleges today have to start thinking of the manner in which the people living in this sub-continent will be able to respond to the challenges most entrants into the portals of colleges and universities will have to face. GLOBALIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION Waters, an authority on globalization, believes that although the word global is over 400 years old, the common usage of such words as „globalization‟, „globalize‟ and „globalizing‟ did not begin until about 1960. Webster became the first major dictionary to offer definitions of “globalism and globalization” (Behar, 2005). Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz defines globalization as removal of barriers to free trade and the closer integration of national economies (Stiglitz, 2002, as quoted in Behar, 2005). Globalization is today a new trend—not just in economic, commercial and technological fields, but also in education. In the meantime the supreme court of India made judicial history when the court constituted a five-Judge Bench to interpret the judgment of an 11-Judge Bench on private higher education, its judgment delivered on October 31, 2000 that higher education be privatized. Now the higher education administrations legally have been permitted to establish and develop private institutions in India. The responsibilities of administration are:
Journal of College Teaching & Learning – November 2008 Volume 5, Number 11
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All the staff should be informed clearly about globalization and privatization. The objectives of globalization should be made clear. Not more than 30% institutions should be private institutions and there may be 70% government institutions. The government has the responsibilities to control the activities of private institutions. Students should have the right to select what they need and what is good for them.
SUGGESTIONS Higher education administration in the 21st Century in India must train people not only for the present but also for the future. Given the great impact of liberalization, privatization and globalization of knowledge, what will happen to the great variety of socio-cultural norms and organizational structures existing in India today? Will the people living in different micro environments, with their own uniquely distinctive life styles, be able to retain their individuality and protect their culture and values, or will people every where in India, become the clones of people in the US, Japan, Germany or some other developed country? The opinion of Tata becomes relevant on this issue: “To be a leader you have got to lead human beings with affection.” (Batra, 1992). We need to remember theses words for the development of education field. Therefore, it is suggested that: The challenge of the 21st century is a challenge to survive as institutions of quality or excellence. Universities and colleges will have to build credibility for themselves and make their operations simple, efficient and meaningful. Universities and colleges will be forced to accept liberalization, privatization and globalization, so that students as clients or customers would choose what they want on the basis of their tastes and needs. Improving the efficiency of the university and college administration system is more urgent than ever before. One obvious way of doing this will be to impart professional raining to those already engaged in educational administration. Availability of equipment as well as teaching and research facilities of the highest order will become a major concern. New procedures need to be adopted for procurement and maximum returns should be ensured before investment. If the institutions see the fundamental need to go deep with a view to adopting new approaches and processes to bring about changes, they will be equipped to meet the challenges of the 21st century.
AUTHOR INFORMATION Name. Taghi Family name. Jabbarifar Date and place of birth: 1/10/1950 Isfahan, Iran. Education: K-12 Isfahan 1957-1969 Soldiers teacher 1970- 1973 Learning English: Swan School of England and Oxford College of Education. 1973-1975 AA Delta College University Center Bay City Michigan.1978-1980 BS Central Michigan University Mt Pleasent Michigan 1980-1984 University of Denver 1985-1987.Subject Educational administration. PhD University of Pune, India. 2004-2007 Educational Administration, thesis Higher education administration (Management and planning).
Work Experience: Oscoda Public Schools 1982-1983 teaching and coaching.
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Days Denver Colorado Teaching and coaching. 1984-1986 University of Yazd, Iran. Department of Education. Staff member, teaching and working in student teacher training center, 1988 to present time.
REFERENCES
1. Batra, P. (1992). A collection of management thoughts. New Delhi: Think Inc.
2. Waters, Michael & (Stiglitz, Joseph, 2002 (as quoted); In Behar, S.C. (2005). Globalization- education, perceptions and processes. Pune: Indian Institute of Education
NOTES
29
Higher Education Administration And Globalization In The 21st Century In India Taghi Jabbarifar, University of Yazd, Iran ABSTRACT This article deals with the changing scenario and management responsibilities of higher education in the 21st century in India. Of course, for those looking for challenges of management in higher education as a field, the future is not going to be a disappointment. Maybe by the end of the first decade of the 21st century management of higher education worldwide would have changed beyond recognition. Every administrator is required to behave like a shrewd politician. The world has been changing very fast. The pace of liberalization, privatization and globalization (LPG) is remarkable and has tremendously influenced various dimensions of management of higher education. The long-term consideration in the educational sector requires a clear statement of the direction in which a society wishes to move. Thus it is necessary to visualize the type of society India would like to have in the 21st century and beyond Keywords: Higher Education, Administration, Globalization, College, University, India INTRODUCTION TO HIGHER EDUCATION
igher education is at crossroads and is passing through exciting times. Increasing competition, widespread educational activities, global character and enhancement of technology are some of the significant factors creating a great impact on higher education. While it is in a phase of turbulent years of transition, it still provides highly talented human resources for economic development, brain power enhancement and research in several areas. Academic institutions all over the world are contributing significantly to societal development and refinement of perception. These institutions are working as centers of learning, training and manpower development. Their role has been a vital source of industrial development and creation of wealth. Planners, managers, legal authorities, scientists and researchers receive guidance from these institutions. The strategic planning and management of these institutions have to cope with challenges, such as the urge for excellence, up-gradation of skills, accessibility vis-a-vis mass education, IT revolution, resource crunch, teachers‟ empowerment, student-support services, government control, liaison with the university, trade unionism and so on. The administrators of collegiate institutions have to take these challenges into account while planning their strategies. ROLE OF COLLEGE ADMINISTRATION
A college is the fundamental element of higher education in India and is supposed to produce quality graduates, whereas the University is primarily committed to research and generation of super advanced new knowledge. Most scholars agree that knowledge is power. The younger generation of the 21st century believes that applied knowledge is power. Whatever we think about knowledge and new knowledge we must appreciate their point of view. Otherwise we will stay so far behind that we may never be able to catch up with them. In the light of the above challenges, it is very pertinent to run any academic institution in such a manner that the objectives of creating good citizens and undertaking educational activities relevant to the times are fulfilled. The college administration in India, therefore, is required to be dynamic in its approach. It has to perform both the roles of academic development on the one hand and smooth functioning on the other. Good administration and sound academic performance are mutually dependent and inseparable. Therefore, the colleges have to manage the affairs
H
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efficiently and meaningfully to facilitate the smooth functioning and to inspire teachers to improve the academic performance. Many collegiate institutions have imbalance in terms of their administration and academic pursuits. Some organizations have good administrative capacity but the academic pursuits are put in the background. There is no scarcity of resources but less emphasis is laid on academics. In some cases, infrastructure is attractive but the results are poor. It is always necessary to establish balance with optimum administration and consistency in academic pursuits. LINKAGE OF COLLEGES WITH THE UNIVERSITY The college administration in Indian Higher Education in the 21st century has links with universities and the government. Majority of colleges are affiliated to universities for academic guidance and certification of their standards. The state universities and statutes of the respective universities govern colleges. The service conditions of college teachers are governed by the University rules and regulations. The state government controls the financial aspect of college management. Pay scales, grant-in-aid, recruitment policy and other such components constitute the regulatory measures of the Government of India. Therefore, for smooth functioning of the college, the liaison with the university and the government is very important. The colleges run by private management have to develop relations with the authorities of these institutions. The management representatives on the local managing committees and governing bodies of the institutions have a vital role to play in the management of the colleges. As a result, the principal of a college has to manage the activities in the framework of rules and regulations of the university, government and management. The University Grants Commission (UGC) is also an important regulatory body for colleges, particularly, for developmental assistance and funding for several schemes. The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) has also, in recent times, created a quality consciousness among teachers and administrators of colleges. Thus, the administration of colleges has many factors to be considered in a balanced manner with an optimum consistency. It has the ultimate aim of facilitating education for students‟ development and quality maintenance. PARTICIPATION IN COLLEGE ADMINISTRATION College administration has three pillars in the Indian context—teachers, administrative staff and management of institutions. Higher Education has to enhance human capability through empowerment that knowledge gives. Here, not only do the teachers have to share the initiative but also the functioning of management has to be participative. The participative approach will make teachers responsive and accountable to the students. It will also ensure good performance through in-built appraisal methods. This will give them an opportunity to participate in the process of management and enjoy the autonomy of thought and action in the process of teaching and evaluation of their students. College management must be able to operate the mechanisms of having regular meetings with lecturers, office staff and student representatives. This would motivate everyone to strive for better performance. As advised by Freud (1991), “In major decisions you must consult not only your head but also your heart.” FACTORS OF GOOD COLLEGE MANAGEMENT Good college management and administration depend on a number of factors. They are interrelated and it becomes a primary duty of the principal of a college to correlate them and establish a working balance. The following are some of them. Management Support A continuous and healthy relation with management representatives is a key factor in day-to-day functioning of the college. It is the duty of the management to protect the institutions from the external encroachments and interference of unnecessary elements. At the same time it should have the first priority to select an appropriate person to lead the institution and then give him or her full freedom and flexibility to work. Some institutions follow this religiously and enjoy the results of good performance. The responsibility and answerability should be in-built in the system of college management.
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Urge For Excellence Colleges are a focal point of national and international integration and have to be viewed and as such. Upgrading of skills of the students is the need of the hour. This is critical for development and helps in meeting the requirements of working patterns. The role of college administration is, therefore, significant in correlating academic inputs to satisfy the competitive urge for excellence in the world. Working As A Team Every activity of the college is a team activity. At any college, teamwork and sharing of ideas are of prime importance. The head of the institution has to bear in mind that delegation of authority and division of work always go hand in hand. Faith in colleagues is a key factor. There can be a formal hierarchy in internal management and at the same time a lot of work can be carried out on the basis of informal relations. Curricular and extra-curricular activities in the college have to be shared by all. Freedom to the colleagues and flexibility in working are the main dimensions of this. It is the responsibility of the head of the institution to ensure that decision-making and implementation of decisions are always collectively done. Coming together is a beginning. Thinking together is a process; and working together is success. Responsive Administrative Staff Administrative staff of an academic institution in India is a core part of its functioning. Office administration, correspondence, accounting, record keeping, maintenance of infrastructure etc. are the continuing activities of the administration. Participation of administrative staff in administration should be encouraged and the working of the college office made efficient in every respect. An efficient head fails to perform his or her duties if the administrative staffs are not responsive and dynamic in carrying out various programmes. Financial Transparency The financial aspect of administration should be totally transparent and governed by ethics and moral values. As a college is a public institution, every care has to be taken to maintain and develop faith of stakeholders and people in general. Learner- Centered Approach The student is the main stakeholder in the process of education. Integrity of teachers is counted in terms of their sincerity in performing the duty of imparting knowledge. It is a duty of the administration to see that this process of learning and training gets the prime importance in the functioning of the college. Reputation of an institution is always decided on the basis of the quality of its output. The learner centered approach has to be reflected in the curriculum, personality development programmes, guidance and regular class teaching. The social image of the institution is always built up on this foundation. Innovativeness And Educational Experiments In view of the emerging trends in education, it is the duty of the college administration to explore new avenues and adopt innovative approaches. Research activities, vocationalisation, add-on-career oriented courses, IT related innovations; experiments in the teaching-learning process and development of quality assurance cells are some of the notable features. They will certainly improve the performance of the institutions. Students Placement Center The college administrators are responsible for placement of their students. For that they need the best quality of education.
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PROBLEMS FACED BY THE ADMINISTRATION College administration is a complex task. It has many angles to be considered. The challenges in the modern times have created a sense of competition and quality consciousness among constituents of college administration. It has some constraints and inherent limitations, which cannot be ignored in the administration process. Liberalization, privatization and globalization of education have become the buzzwords but at the same time the complexities are also increasing. The government is almost withdrawing itself from providing financial assistance. Private unaided-managements have developed a sense of commercialization of administration. The number of students in basic sciences, humanities and languages is declining very fast. The private-unaided institutions have monopolized careers in technology and medicine. The resource crunch has become more severe due to the recent policies of the government. It is only through proper planning and observance of austerity measures that the colleges can now be run, particularly when the philanthropic instinct too has gradually disappeared and higher education has gone to the commercial entrepreneurs who have started promoting it for profit. Industry interface, resource sharing, pooled teaching, classes in the evening, autonomous courses and such other sources can be beneficial to a large extent. RESPONSIBILITIES OF COLLEGE ADMINISTRATION It is clear that the principal of a college has a definite role in planning and college activities. S/he is the catalyst in pursuing the ideals for which the college stands. Of course, it cannot be done without the support of teaching and office staff and management of the institution (Trustees). In the context of the above listed challenges, the principal has to develop his/her style of functioning in such a manner that the administration becomes a collective and co-operative activity. S/he has to combine vision with routine work, evolve interactive approach and sharing of ideas in the spirit of teamwork. The call for social responsibility and converting a period of transition into an era of quality improvement can be responded to successfully by the college administration with collective vision and a zealous attitude It can produce a generation of youth with confidence to face the challenges of the times. In the past, educational processes were not confronted with the kind of challenges, which have to be faced today. Presently, technologies are changing much more radically and rapidly than ever before. What are the college administrators supposed to do? They must go along with the changes. The technological changes are resulting in changes not only in tools, the infrastructure and the profiles of work-related activities but also in organizational structures, demographic profiles and even the concepts associated with national identity and sovereignty. A college administrator must be a good planner, for nobody knows for sure what the world of the year 2020 and further will look like. But judging from the rate of changes during the last decade, it seems reasonable to state that the 20s and 30s of the 21st century will be different from the contemporary world, by an order of magnitude unprecedented in history. In spite of this forbidding prospect, the educational planners and administrators of colleges today have to start thinking of the manner in which the people living in this sub-continent will be able to respond to the challenges most entrants into the portals of colleges and universities will have to face. GLOBALIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION Waters, an authority on globalization, believes that although the word global is over 400 years old, the common usage of such words as „globalization‟, „globalize‟ and „globalizing‟ did not begin until about 1960. Webster became the first major dictionary to offer definitions of “globalism and globalization” (Behar, 2005). Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz defines globalization as removal of barriers to free trade and the closer integration of national economies (Stiglitz, 2002, as quoted in Behar, 2005). Globalization is today a new trend—not just in economic, commercial and technological fields, but also in education. In the meantime the supreme court of India made judicial history when the court constituted a five-Judge Bench to interpret the judgment of an 11-Judge Bench on private higher education, its judgment delivered on October 31, 2000 that higher education be privatized. Now the higher education administrations legally have been permitted to establish and develop private institutions in India. The responsibilities of administration are:
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All the staff should be informed clearly about globalization and privatization. The objectives of globalization should be made clear. Not more than 30% institutions should be private institutions and there may be 70% government institutions. The government has the responsibilities to control the activities of private institutions. Students should have the right to select what they need and what is good for them.
SUGGESTIONS Higher education administration in the 21st Century in India must train people not only for the present but also for the future. Given the great impact of liberalization, privatization and globalization of knowledge, what will happen to the great variety of socio-cultural norms and organizational structures existing in India today? Will the people living in different micro environments, with their own uniquely distinctive life styles, be able to retain their individuality and protect their culture and values, or will people every where in India, become the clones of people in the US, Japan, Germany or some other developed country? The opinion of Tata becomes relevant on this issue: “To be a leader you have got to lead human beings with affection.” (Batra, 1992). We need to remember theses words for the development of education field. Therefore, it is suggested that: The challenge of the 21st century is a challenge to survive as institutions of quality or excellence. Universities and colleges will have to build credibility for themselves and make their operations simple, efficient and meaningful. Universities and colleges will be forced to accept liberalization, privatization and globalization, so that students as clients or customers would choose what they want on the basis of their tastes and needs. Improving the efficiency of the university and college administration system is more urgent than ever before. One obvious way of doing this will be to impart professional raining to those already engaged in educational administration. Availability of equipment as well as teaching and research facilities of the highest order will become a major concern. New procedures need to be adopted for procurement and maximum returns should be ensured before investment. If the institutions see the fundamental need to go deep with a view to adopting new approaches and processes to bring about changes, they will be equipped to meet the challenges of the 21st century.
AUTHOR INFORMATION Name. Taghi Family name. Jabbarifar Date and place of birth: 1/10/1950 Isfahan, Iran. Education: K-12 Isfahan 1957-1969 Soldiers teacher 1970- 1973 Learning English: Swan School of England and Oxford College of Education. 1973-1975 AA Delta College University Center Bay City Michigan.1978-1980 BS Central Michigan University Mt Pleasent Michigan 1980-1984 University of Denver 1985-1987.Subject Educational administration. PhD University of Pune, India. 2004-2007 Educational Administration, thesis Higher education administration (Management and planning).
Work Experience: Oscoda Public Schools 1982-1983 teaching and coaching.
Journal of College Teaching & Learning – November 2008 Volume 5, Number 11
34
Days Denver Colorado Teaching and coaching. 1984-1986 University of Yazd, Iran. Department of Education. Staff member, teaching and working in student teacher training center, 1988 to present time.
REFERENCES
1. Batra, P. (1992). A collection of management thoughts. New Delhi: Think Inc.
2. Waters, Michael & (Stiglitz, Joseph, 2002 (as quoted); In Behar, S.C. (2005). Globalization- education, perceptions and processes. Pune: Indian Institute of Education
NOTES
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