A Brief Note on APA
(American Psychological Association) Style Seventh (7th) Version
Dr. Sankaranarayanan
Paleeri
Assistant Professor
and Head
Dept. of Social
Science Education
NSS Training College,
Ottapalam, Kerala -679 101
American Psychological Association
American
Psychological Association (APA) was founded in 1892
by certain professional researchers. APA is the largest scientific and
professional organization representing academicians. APA also has 54 divisions
in subfields of psychology. It was founded with the view- “the new psychology.” Professor Stanley Hall was the first president of APA.
It started with 31 members and now has nearly 125000 memebrs!
APA suggests a method or style
to prepare research and academic articles. MLA (Modern Language Association-
founded by AM Elliot, America) Chicago Style are some other organisations
contributing to the same field.
The first edition of the APA Publication Manual was
published in 1952 Subsequent editions were released in 1974, 1983, 1994, 2001,
2009, and 2019.
APA style is
a writing style and format. It designed for academic documents such
as scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for
citing sources within the field of behavioural and social sciences. (Wikipedia). The style is
being published in style guide of
the APA which is titled the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association.
The guidelines were developed to –
- support
reading comprehension in the social and behavioural sciences
- for
clarity of communication, and for "word choice that best reduces bias
in academic language.
- APA
style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by hundreds of scientific
journals, in many textbooks, and in academia (for
papers written in classes).
APA 6th version existed from 2009 to 2019 and
the present is its 7th revision. The 7th revision introduced in
October, 2019. The errors in the 6th revision, emergence of
different types of resources to be referred, large use of online materials,
introduction of e-books, OERs, products of creative commons, online videos and
discussions and etc. are to be cited in papers. Reference of all these have to
be read in different way and APA thought of new version. The new version
introduced in October 2019 with the hope that by the start of 2020, publishers
may follow the 7th revision.
Difference from 6th revision to 7th revision
Why
APA style?
Truly, APA style is not for the research documents to be adjudicated or stacked, but for the documents to be published.
·
To
avoid language bias
·
To
keep international accessibility to scholars
·
To
provide an international standard norm
·
To
avoid concomitant of content matters
·
To
assure relevance and validity.
However APA is
not a monopoly in the field. MLA style, Chicago style are some other examples.
APA style is suggested not for a research document that to be stacked. It is
suggested for publication. The institutions those produce research documents
are need not follow compulsorily the APA format for the dissertation copy to be
kept with them. While the document to be published with a journal or publishers
who follow APA style, then the author must organize the paper in APA style.
Suppose your research report is documented in APA style and you got a
publication agreement with a publisher who follows MLA style, you have to
re-frame your paper in the advised format. It means that APA is not the final
word.
In-text citations in 7th revision (how to include citations in text?)
·
Parenthetical citation and
·
Narrative citation
APA Style uses an author–date
reference citation system in the text with an accompanying reference list. That means that to cite
any reference in a paper, the writer should cite the author and year of the
work, either by putting both in parentheses separated by a comma (parenthetical citation) or by putting the author in the
narrative of the sentence and the year in parentheses (narrative citation).
Example narrative citation (in a script)
Paleeri
and Jadhav (2017) described that school education for the linguistic minority
students in Kerala is designed not with the needy cultural relevance.
Example parenthetical citation:
It is
observed that the school education for the linguistic minority students in
Kerala is designed not with the needy cultural relevance (Paleeri & Jadhav,
2017).
Title Page
A title page is required for all APA Style papers. There are
both student and professional versions of the title page. Students should use
the student version of the title page unless their instructor or institution
has requested they use the professional version
This time the title page has significant change. It is
focused to the centre of the page.
https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/student-title-page-guide.pdf
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/title-page
Student
Title Page
The student
title page includes the paper title, author names (the by line), author
affiliation, course number and name for which the paper is being submitted,
instructor/supervisor name, date, and page number, as shown in the following
example. (This is for student papers. Changes are there for professional papers)
·
Place
the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page.
·
Center
it and type it in bold font. Capitalize major words of the title.
·
Place
the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired.
·
There
is no maximum length for titles; however, keep titles focused and include key
terms.
·
Use
the page number 1 on the title page.
·
Use
the automatic page-numbering function of your word processing program to insert
page numbers in the top right corner of the page header.
- Apply title case (capitalize the first letter of
each word, except small words such as articles and
short prepositions)
- Keep it shorter than 12
words
- Don’t use abbreviations or contractions
- Place the title in the
center of the page
Running head
is must for professional papers
“Running head:”
followed by a (shortened) version of your paper’s title. It must be:
- Left aligned
- Capitalized
- Maximum 50 characters (not
including the words “running head:”)
Read more on how
to insert and format a running
head. (use this link)
How to prepare the script?
Preparation
of script uses some suggestions as they were in 6th version. Some
suggestions are listed below;
Font
and Font Size: Use the same font and font size throughout the paper (exception:
figure images require a sans serif font and can use various font sizes- or can
use the default font that arises while generating the figure).
Recommended
serif and sans serif fonts:
·
11-point
Calibri
·
11-point
Arial
·
10-point
Lucida Sans Unicode °
·
12-point Times
New Roman
·
11-point
Georgia
·
10-point
Computer Modern
The
use of numbers in paper or dissertation or thesis should follow:
1. Spell out common fractions and common expressions
2. If you start a sentence with a number, spell it out
3. Spell out numbers below ten (e.g. "eight
participants" not "8 participants")
4. If you refer to numbers above 10, simple write the
number (e.g. "A total of 10")
5. Use the percentage sign in tables, but not in text
(e.g. "seven percent" vs. "7%").
APA heading formatting
|
The APA formatting
guidelines for each heading style are outlined in the table below. It is
recommended using 12pt. Times New Roman font for
both the body text as the headings. |
|
|
Heading 1 |
Centered, Bold, Title Case Capitalization |
|
Heading 2 |
Left-Aligned, Bold, Title Case Capitalization |
|
Heading 3 |
Indented, bold, sentence case capitalization, a
final period. The body text begins immediately after the period. |
|
Heading 4 |
Indented,
bold, italics, sentence case capitalization, a final period. The body text begins
immediately after the period. |
|
Heading 5 |
Indented,
italics, sentence case capitalization,** a final period. The body
text begins immediately after the point. |
Capitalize the
first word of the title and all major words (including words that have four or
more letters).
Example:
The Effects of Kinaesthetic Learning on Listening Skills.
Capitalize
the first word of the title and proper nouns (just as you would capitalize a
sentence). An example: Teenagers with autism in the United States.
Tables in APA 7th version
Table Components:
A table shall have number, title,
subtitles, headings, body and note. Methods of preparing a table are described below!
- Number: The
table number (e.g. Table 1) appears above the table in bold
font
- Title: The
table title appears one double-spaced line below the table number
in italic title case
- Headings: All
tables should include column headings, including a heading for the
leftmost column (stub heading)
- Body: The
table body includes all the rows and columns of a table. The body
may be single space, one and a half spaced, or double spaced
- Note: A note can
appear below the table to describe the contents of the table that
cannot be understood from the table title or body alone, (e.g. definitions
of abbreviations, copyright attribution). Notes are double-spaced
and flush left. Not all tables include table notes
General rules:
- In
the text, refer to every table by its number. For example, As shown in
Table 1, ... (no italics, but with capital T and hyphen or dot in between the word Table and Number)
- There
are two options for the placement of tables in a paper. The first option
is to place all tables on separate pages after the reference list. The
second option is to embed each table within the text
- If
you reprint or adapt a table from another source in your paper (e.g. a
table from a published work), you must include a copyright attribution in
the table note indicating the origin of the reprinted or adapted
material in addition to a reference list entry for the work
Measures of Central
Tendencies of the Variable Scores
|
Item |
SD |
Mean |
Medium |
Mode |
|
Creative dramatics |
07.00 |
34.54 |
36.46 |
36 |
|
Student Perception |
08.67 |
45.55 |
55.55 |
45.55 |
|
Active regulations |
09.00 |
25.33 |
23.33 |
34.44 |
Note : can give note here
Example 2 is given under. Source APA blog
There are some differences in formatting table if the source is different
Table
reproduced in your text- if you reproduce a table it is advised to follow
the format in the original text. See the model given below:
Example:
Table 4
Percentage of New Zealand Population Who
Have Never Worked by Age Group.
June 2016 quarter
|
Age group (years) |
Never-worked group |
|
15–19 |
48.5 |
|
20–24 |
8.4 |
|
25–29 |
3.4 |
|
30–34 |
1.8 |
|
35–39 |
1.5 |
Note. Adapted
from http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/income-and-work/employment_and_unemployment/people-never-worked.aspx.
Copyright 2016 by Statistics New Zealand.
Formatting
of Figure/Picture
A figure may
be a chart, a graph, a photograph, a drawing, or any other illustration or
nontextual depiction. Any type of illustration or image other than a table
is referred to as a figure.
Figure Components:
- Number: The figure
number(e.g. Figure 1) appears above the figure in bold
- Title: The
figure title appears one double-spaced line below the figure number in
italic title case.
- Image: The
image portion of the figure is the chart, graph, photograph, drawing, or
other illustration itself
- Legend: A
figure legend, or key, if present, should be positioned within the borders
of the figure and explains any symbols used in the figure image
- Note: A
note can appear below the figure to describe contents of the figure that
cannot be understood from the figure title, image, and/or legend alone
(e.g. definitions of abbreviations, copyright attribution). Notes are
double-spaced and flush left. Not all figures include notes.
General rules:
- In
the text, refer to every figure by its number. For example, As shown in
Figure 1, ...
- There
are two options for the placement of figures in a paper. The first option
is to place all figures on separate pages after the reference list. The
second option is to embed each figure within the text
- If
you reprint or adapt a figure from another source in your paper (e.g., an
image you found on the internet), you must include a copyright attribution
in the figure note indicating the origin of the reprinted or adapted
material in addition to a reference list entry for the work
Here is an example
Figure
1
Distribution
of Scores on awareness in Water Management
Example 2 source APA blog
Reference Format
In the APA
reference list, the writer should provide
-
the author
-
year
-
title, and
-
source of the cited
work in an alphabetical list of references (not year wise, it
is alphabetical)
Important suggestions
·
If a reference is
not cited in the text, it should not be included in the reference list. (it
should be noted that scholars include many titles that are not cited in the
text in bibliography)
·
The reference format varies depending on the
document type (e.g., journal article, edited book chapter, blog post, webpage,
video, OER and etc.), but broadly speaking always follows the same pattern of
author, date, title, source.
The reference style can be read from the
Table 1.
Table
1
Reference
style in APA 7th version
|
Reference type |
Template |
Example |
|
Journal article with a
DOI |
Author, A., &
Author, B. (year). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume(Issue),
page range. DOI |
Paleeri, S., & Jadhav,
V. (2017). The cultural crisis in education of Tamil Linguistic minorities in
Kerala. Journal of Minority Studies 4(1), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000029 Note that no need of first letter capital for words in the article
title, unless it is to be mentioned with capital letter. |
|
Whole book |
Author, A., &
Author, B. (year). Title of book. Publisher. |
Paleeri, S.
(2010). Rudiments of
Education: Sociology and Philosophy. Neelkamal Publications Note that no need of first letter capital for words. No need to
mention place of publisher |
|
Edited book chapter with
a DOI |
Author, A., &
Author, B. (year). Title of chapter. In E. Editor & A. Editor
(Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Publisher. DOI |
Jadhav, V., Sameer, N.
J., & Avinash, B. (2017). Effect of techno based teaching among slow
learners. In A. Ambali & C. M. Jawed (Eds.), Education
for gifted and slow learners (pp. 41–68). Kanishka Books. https://doi.org/10.1037/14957-003 See the change. Author initials prefix the name in edited book |
|
Webpage on a website |
Author, A., &
Author, B. (year). Title of page. Site Name. URL Group Author.
(year). Title of page. URL |
Paleeri, S., Jadhav, V.
(2018) University governance. E-PG
Pathshala. www.epgpathshala.nic.in American Psychological
Association. (2020). APA divisions. https://www.apa.org/about/division/ |
·
If a DOI is assigned to the work, give the DOI. If the item is
available online but does not have a DOI, and it has a URL that will work, give
the URL. Do not give a URL that will not work.
·
Always include the publisher in the source element for books and
reference works; exceptions to this guideline include when the author and
publisher are the same, and in this case, you omit the publisher from your
reference.
·
In the seventh edition, the title of a webpage is always italic.
·
As of the seventh edition, the issue number of a journal is
always listed in a reference citation if one is available. Prior to the seventh
edition, if the journal cited employed continuous pagination throughout a
volume, only the volume number was listed in the reference list.
·
According to the seventh edition, it is no longer obligatory to
provide the publisher's location when citing a book.
Reference format: More Information
Source APA blog
Please note that the following
part of this note is direct copy from the blog that discuss APA format or
style. I have not changed the pattern given in the blog
|
Who |
When |
What |
Where |
|
|
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. Name of Group. See the section on Reference list,
Elements of a reference for more information on author format |
(Year). |
Title of the article: Subtitle. |
Title of the Journal, Volume number(Issue
number), page–page. |
https://doi.org/xxx https://xxxx |
- Find
more information about the use of DOI
and URL from the Elements of a reference page.
Article with a DOI
|
Dilkes-Frayne, E., Savic, M., Carter,
A., Kakanovic, R. & Lubman, D. I. (2019). Going online: The affordances
of online counseling for families affected by alcohol and other drug
issues. Qualitative Health Research, 29(14), 2010–2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732319838231 |
Article without a DOI and not
from a Library database
|
Dayton, K. J. (2019). Tangled arms:
Modernizing and unifying the arm-of-the-state doctrine. The
University of Chicago Law Review, 86.6, 1497–1737. https://bit.ly/2SkWwcy |
Article without a DOI from a Library
database, or a print version
|
McCrickard, M., Raymond, A., Raymond,
F., & Song, H. (2018). The APLIA math assessment scores and introductory
economics courses: An analysis. Journal of Business and Educational
Leadership, 8(1), 4–18. |
- Do
not include the database name or URL.
Article with an article number or
eLocator
|
Yeh, D. A., Gómez, M. I., &
Kaiser, H. M. (2019). Signaling impacts of GMO labeling on fruit and vegetable
demand. PLOS ONE,14(10), Article e0223910. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223910 |
- Do
not include page numbers.
Article in press
|
Ruiza,L. A., Serranoa, L., Españab, P.
P., Martinez-Indartc, L., Gómeza, A., Urangab, A., Castroa, S., Artarazb, A.,
& Zalacaina, R. (in press). Factors influencing long-term survival after
hospitalization with pneumococcal pneumonia. Journal of Infection. |
Advance online publication
|
Perry, M., & El-Amine, H. (2019).
Computational efficiency in multivariate adversarial risk analysis
models. Decision Analysis. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1287/deca.2019.0394 |
- Where
multiple versions of the same work may be available cite the version you
used. Ideally you should cite the final published version.
Article from the Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews
|
Ryan, A., Nevitt, S. J., Tuohy, O.,
& Cook, P. (2019). Biomarkers for diagnoses of Wilson's disease. Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012267.pub2 |
- If
the DOI link includes "ezproxy.aut.ac.nz", remove it.
Special issues or sections
Citing the whole special issue or
section:
|
Haney, C., & Wiener, R. L. (Eds.).
(2004). Capital punishment in the United States [Special issue]. Psychology,
Public Policy, and Law, 10(4). |
Citing an article within a special
section or special issue:
- Follow
the format for a journal article (see above).
- Do
not need to include the title of the special issue or section.
Article with no DOI or journal
website, but available in an archival database
|
Fennimore, D. L. (1981). American
neoclassical furniture and its European antecedents. American Art
Journal, 13(4), 49–65. http://www.jstor.org |
Include the database
home page URL if the article is:
- published
in a journal which does not have its own home page
- published
in a discontinued journal
- only
available through an archival database, such as JSTOR
Find how to cite in text
on the In-text citation page.
Articles from magazines, newspapers, blog
posts
Reference format
|
Who |
When |
What |
Where |
|
|
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. Name of Group. |
(Year, Month dd) |
Title of the article: Subtitle |
Title of the publication, Volume
number(Issue
number), page–page. |
https://doi.org/xxx https://xxxx |
Magazine article
|
Bilger, B. (2019, November 25). Can
babies learn to love vegetables? The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/11/25/can-babies-learn-to-love-vegetables |
|
Desperation for mechanical engineers.
(2019, November). New Zealand Engineering News, 41(21), 11. |
|
Eaqub, S. (2019, September/October).
Generation rent revisited. Metro, (425), 64–77. |
|
Voosen, P. (2019, November 15). Drones
reveal earthquake hazards hidden in the abyss. Science, 366(6467),
85. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.366.6467.785 |
Newspaper article
|
Class actions key feature of
litigations. (2020, January 8). The Northern Advocate, A014. |
|
Moodie, K. (2019, November 21). Almost
half of sunscreens tested don't live up to label claims in Consumer NZ
report. New Zealand Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=12286981 |
Blog post
|
Martinko, K. (2019, November 22).
Burger King is running out of zesty sauce because of climate change. TreeHugger. https://www.treehugger.com/green-food/burger-king-running-out-zesty-sauce-because-climate-change.html |
Editorial
|
Hou, L. (2019). Editorial for the special
issue on water pollution control [Editorial] [Special issue]. Engineering,
5(5), 813–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2019.08.001 |
BOOK REFERNCE
Reference format
|
Who |
When |
What |
Where |
|
|
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. Name of Group. Editor, E. E. (Ed.). Editor, E. E., & Editor, F. F.
(Eds.). |
(Year) |
Title of book: Subtitle. Title of book (3rd. ed.) Title of book (E. E. Editor,
Ed.) |
Publisher Name First Publisher; Second Publisher. |
https://doi.org/xxx https://xxxx |
- Title
in italics
- Include
all publishers listed on the copyright page of the book, use a semicolon
after each publisher
- Always
include the DOI if it is available
- For ebooks,
the format, platform or device (e.g., Kindle), is no longer included in
the reference. APA Manual, p. 321, s10.2
Books and ebooks
More than one publisher
|
Koda, H., & Bolton, A.
(2007). Poiret. Metropolitan Museum of Art; Yale University
Press. |
- List
all publishers in the order they appear separating names with a semicolon.
APA Manual p. 296, s9.29
Two authors
|
Page, J. T., & Parnell, L.
J. (2019). Introduction to strategic public relations: Digital,
global, and socially responsible communication. Sage. |
Books and ebooks with DOI
|
Ewert, E. W., Mitten, D. S., &
Overholt, J. R. (2014). Natural environments and human health. CAB
International. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845939199.0000 |
Group author (organisation)
|
The CORE Team. (2017). The
economy: Economics for a changing world. Oxford University Press. |
- Group
authors may range from government departments to study groups. APA
manual p. 288, s9.11
New edition of a book
|
Berk, L. E. (2018). Development
through the lifespan (7th ed.). Pearson. |
Edited book
|
Hamilton, L., & Ravenscroft,
J. (Eds.). (2018). Building research design in education:
Theoretically informed advanced methods. Bloomsbury Academic. |
ebook - free online, no DOI
|
Lessig, L. (2011). Republic,
lost: How money corrupts – and a plan to stop it. Twelve.
https://lesterland.lessig.org/pdf/republic-lost.pdf |
ebook - via the AUT Library, no DOI
|
St-Hilaire, W. A. (2019). Entrepreneurship:
Strategies and policies. Apple Academic Press. |
- ebook
without a DOI and retrieved from a research database, such as
Proquest ebook center, cited as a print book
- Do
not include the database name or URL
Several volumes in a multivolume work
|
Lerner, R. M. (Ed.).
(2015). Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (7th
ed., Vols.1-4). John Wiley & Sons. |
Books from the ERIC database
|
Association of American Colleges and
Universities. (2018). A vision for equity: Results from AAC&U's
project "Committing to equity and inclusive excellence: Campus-based
strategies for student success." ERIC database. |
- Provide
the name of the database for works of limited circulation.
Republished books and ebooks
|
Barthes, R. (2012). Mythologies (R.
Howard & A. Lavers, Eds.). Hill & Wang. (Original work published
1957) |
|
Colenso, W. (2004). The
authentic and genuine history of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. University
of Auckland Library & Learning Services. (Original work published
1890). http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=121&page=0&action=null |
- Give
the date of the republished version that you read after the author's name;
put the date of the original publication at the end in brackets. APA
Manual p. 323, s10.2 example 29
Translations
|
Pastoureau, M. (2018). Blue:
The history of a color (M.I. Cruse, Trans.). Princeton University
Press. (Original work published 2000) |
- Give
the details of the version you read including the translator; put the date
of the original publication at the end in brackets. APA Manual p.
301, s9.39
Classical works
|
Plato. (1961). Meno (R.
S. Bluck, Trans.). Cambridge University Press. (Original work published ca.
380 B.C.) |
Graphic novel where author and
illustrator are given equal credit for authorship
|
Moore, A., & Gibbons, D.
(2019). Watchmen. DC Comics. |
- Differentiate
between author roles only if these are indicated on the front cover
Find how to cite in text
on the In-text citation page.
Chapter in an edited book
Chapter in an edited ebook -
with DOI
|
Sharma, R., Mehta, M., & Dhawan,
A. (2015). Treatment of substance-abusing adolescents. In M. Mehta &
R. Sagar (Eds.), A practical approach to cognitive
behaviour therapy for adolescents (pp. 331–361).
Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2241-5_16 |
Chapter in an edited book - without
DOI
|
Hall, K., & Cork, H. (2017). Back
to basics: Reforming Australia's private sector whistleblowing laws. In
R. Levy, M. O'Brien, S. Rice, P. Ridge & M. Thornton (Eds.), New
directions for law in Australia: Essays in contemporary law reform (pp.
93–101). Australian National University Press. |
Chapter in edited book with volume
number and individual name
|
Vogel, C. (2016). Communication
sequences and survival analysis. In A. Esposito & L.
C. Jain (Eds.), Toward robotic socially believable behaving
systems series: Vol. 2. Modeling social signals (pp.
47-59). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31056-5 |
- If
a numbered book volume has its own title, include the volume number and
title after the main title. APA Manual p. 295, s9.28
Chapter in an edited ebook - not from
AUT Library
|
Smith, H. (2019). Monetizing movement.
In M. Graham, R. Kitchin, S. Mattern & J. Shaw
(Eds.), How to run a city like Amazon, and other fables (pp.
570-605). Meatspace Press. https://issuu.com/meatspacepress/docs/how_to_run_a_city_like_amazon_and_other_fables |
- Include
the URL to the content
Find how to cite in text
on the In-text citation page.
Book compilations / custom publications
- Treat
a book that is a compilation of chapters from other books
and published specifically for AUT (or another organisation) as an edited
book
- Include
the name and centre for which it is published, if that is
stated with the other publishing details in the first few pages of the
book
Book - where
the organisation for which the book is compiled is not named:
|
Mpofu, C. (Ed.). (2010). Psychology
and lifespan development: An introductory text for health professionals [Custom
textbook]. Pearson Custom Publication. |
Book - where the organisation
is named:
|
Krägeloh, C. (Ed.). (2008). Research
methods and statistics in the health sciences [Custom
textbook]. McGraw-Hill. Custom publication for Faculty of Health and
Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology. |
|
Chong, S., & Werner, M. (Ed.). (2016).
ACCT 601 accounting practice & systems for AUT University [Custom
textbook]. Cengage Learning. Custom publication for Faculty of Business
and Law, Auckland University of Technology. |
Book chapter
|
Bordens, K., & Abbott, B. (2008).
Explaining behavior. In C. Krägeloh (Ed.), Research methods and
statistics in the health sciences [Custom textbook] (pp.
3–30). McGraw-Hill. Custom publication for Faculty of Health and
Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology. |
Find how to cite in text on the In-text citation page.
Dictionaries and encyclopedia
Group author
|
Oxford University Press.
(2010). Biomorph. In Oxford English dictionary (3rd
ed.). https://www-oed-com/view/Entry/19236?redirectedFrom=biomorph#eid |
- When
the entry is archived on the dictionary website, a retrieval date is
not needed.
|
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Light.
In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved January 23, 2020,
from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/light |
- If
the entry is continuously updated and the versions are not archived, use
"n.d." for the date and include a retrieval date.
With author/s
|
Bringsjord, S., & Govindarajulu,
N. S. (2018). Artificial intelligence. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/artificial-intelligence/ |
Conclusion
Bibliography
1. Evans, R. B., Sexton, V.S., & Cadwallader, T.C.
(Eds.), The American Psychological Association: A Historical Perspective . Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association
2.
The Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association. 2020
3.
Product page for Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition (2020). American
Psychological Association.
Retrieved February 04, 2020.
4.
https://www.apa.org
